home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Path: rapidnet.com!wblock
- From: wblock@rapidnet.com (Warren Block)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga.hardware
- Subject: SCSI Examples
- Date: 27 Jan 1996 16:52:40 GMT
- Organization: RapidNet
- Message-ID: <4edl8o$49v@rapidnet.com>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: rapidnet.com
- X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
-
- SCSI Examples: Excerpted From The A4000 Hardware Guide
- Copyright (C) 1995 Warren Block
- Contact wblock@rapidnet.com.
- (This file may be freely redistributed.)
-
- (The full Guide can be found at Aminet:hard/misc/a4khard_v3.lha)
-
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- It seems that the SCSI bus is one of the most misunderstood aspects of
- connecting hard drives and other peripherals to the A4000 (or, for that
- matter, any other Amiga model). This section of the guide is an attempt to
- provide some simple examples of proper SCSI device connections. Please note
- that in the following section, and in the Guide as a whole, I have used the
- common term "controller" when referring to disk adapter boards, although
- the more accurate description for both SCSI and IDE would be "host
- adapter."
-
- Definitions
-
- Since understanding SCSI requires a background in the jargon, a few basic
- definitions might be helpful:
-
- SCSI
-
- This is the original standard, now also known as SCSI-1. The maximum
- theoretical transfer rate is 5 megabytes per second, although most
- combinations of drives and controllers do much less, usually less than
- two megabytes per second. Total length of the SCSI bus cannot exceed six
- meters.
-
- SCSI-2
-
- An extension of the SCSI command set. Most CD-ROM drives that are double-
- speed or faster are SCSI-2. Note that contrary to popular belief, this
- doesn't go any faster than good old SCSI-1.
-
- Fast SCSI-2
-
- Here's where the speed was increased. Fast SCSI-2 has a maximum transfer
- rate of 10 megabytes per second, synchronous. Again, this is theoretical,
- and anything more than a third of that should be considered excellent.
-
- Wide SCSI And Differential SCSI
-
- SCSI transfers data over an 8-bit wide data path. A variation called Wide
- SCSI uses a 16-bit wide data path, potentially doubling transfer rates.
- Another variation is differential SCSI, which uses differential signal
- cables to provide a total bus length of up to 25 meters. Neither of these
- variations will be described in any detail here, since there don't seem
- to be any Amiga implementations of controllers for them. Adapters are
- available to connect Wide or Differential SCSI devices to normal SCSI
- controllers, though, so it is possible to connect them to the Amiga.
-
- Termination
-
- SCSI bus systems require an impedance-matching terminator circuit at each
- end of the bus for reliable operation. Many people find termination to be
- complex, but the subject can be simplified a great deal by remembering one
- simple rule: the SCSI bus needs to be terminated at both ends, and *only*
- at the ends.
-
- The most common mistake in SCSI termination is assuming that the SCSI
- controller itself doesn't count; in fact, it does count as a device, and
- the termination rules apply to it just like other devices. Many Amiga
- controllers have the termination resistors soldered into place, under the
- assumption that only internal SCSI devices will be attached. If both
- internal and external devices are to be used, it is necessary to remove
- these resistors. SIP sockets may be soldered in their place to provide the
- greatest versatility, or you can just use external terminators.
-
- Terminating resistors are usually SIP resistor packs; most are yellow,
- blue, or black, and there may be one, two, or three of them. External
- terminators look like a connector with no cable attached, and can be found
- in Centronics 50-pin, DB25, and high-density 50 configurations. Some
- devices (notably, many external CD-ROM drives) have a termination switch.
-
- All of the termination schemes described so far are known as "passive"
- terminators. Electronically, they connect each signal pin to +5V through a
- 220 ohm resistor, and to ground through a 330 ohm resistor. This voltage
- divider circuit provides impedance matching for the SCSI bus.
-
- The alternative to a passive terminator is an "active" terminator, which
- connects each of the SCSI signal pins through a 110 ohm resistor to a
- precision +2.85V regulator (an LT1086CT, for example) which is powered by
- +5V. Active terminators are superior to passive terminators simply because
- they are active; unlike the fixed resistors in a passive terminator, the
- active terminator's voltage regulator will track varying voltages and
- properly terminate the SCSI bus. Active terminators can cure many problems
- with unreliable SCSI devices; their only disadvantage is that they cost a
- bit more (Dalco sells them for between thirty and forty dollars). Active
- termination chips are made by Dallas Semiconductor and Texas Instruments.
-
- Any combination of passive and active terminators may be used, although two
- active terminators would be best. In practice, passive/passive or passive/
- active are usually adequate.
-
- Termination Power
-
- Terminator power (+5V) is supposed to be supplied on pin 26 of the 50-pin
- IDC header. But SCSI devices are not required to supply this power; many
- have jumpers to enable or disable it. So it is possible to have a proper
- termination setup, but no power provided to the terminators. Naturally,
- this will cause problems. Make sure that at least one device is supplying
- termination power to the SCSI bus, preferably the controller, since
- external devices may be turned off, which would deprive the rest of the bus
- of termination power.
-
- Cable Configurations
-
- Internal SCSI devices are usually connected with 50-conductor ribbon cable.
- 50-pin IDC connectors are crimped onto the cable for each device to be
- attached. "Stub" cables of no more than 3 centimeters off the main cable
- are allowed by the SCSI standard, but it's better to avoid them altogether
- by running the cable direct from one device to the next, with no branches
- off the main bus at all.
-
- External SCSI device cables can use several connectors: Centronics 50-pin,
- DB25, or high-density 50-pin (commonly referred to as SCSI-2, since many
- Fast SCSI-2 adapters use this type of connector). Adapter cables may have
- any combination of these three basic types.
-
- The SCSI standard states that the total length of the SCSI bus, including
- internal and external cable, must not exceed six meters. In practice, some
- devices and cable combinations may limit this severely, particularly cables
- with DB25 connectors (since Apple created the DB25 "pseudo-SCSI" cable by
- simply discarding all those "extra" grounds that helped make SCSI capable
- of running long distances in the first place). Conversely, some SCSI bus
- implementations can go farther than the standard suggests.
-
- SCSI Address Numbers
-
- Each SCSI device (including the controller) has an address between 0 and
- 7 assigned to it by the user. These numbers are usually set as a binary
- number with three jumpers. Controllers often have no jumpers, either
- requiring software to change their address, or simply not being able to
- change it at all. Standard Amiga controllers of either type default to a
- SCSI address of 7.
-
- The rules regulating addresses are pretty simple: each device must have
- a unique address. (There is no physical "order" in which the addesses must
- occur; you can use any order or combination of numbers, as long as there is
- only one device with a given address.)
-
- Since the Amiga scans the SCSI bus for bootable devices starting with
- address 0 and proceeding to address 7, it is advised that you assign
- address 0 to the boot hard drive, and set "HiID" to "On" for this drive in
- the Rigid Disk Block (RDB). This will prevent the system for looking for
- other hard drives with a higher boot priority, making for the quickest
- booting possible, and preventing the system from trying to boot off of a
- higher- numbered CD-ROM drive. (Check the Aminet disk/misc directory for
- RDB utility programs.)
-
- LUNs
-
- Logical Unit Numbers are a now seldom-used feature of the SCSI standard.
- LUNs provide a way to access more than one device at a given SCSI address.
- For example, some Adaptec SCSI-to-MFM adapter boards like the 4000A could
- control two MFM hard drives. However, the 4000A board used only a single
- SCSI address; to access each drive, an LUN was used: 0 for the first drive
- and 1 for the second. With modern SCSI devices, LUNs are relatively rare.
-
- Example SCSI Bus Connections
-
- These examples show connections to the A2091 controller (see Drives/
- 2091 Reference), but other controllers will be similar.
-
- In Example 1, the 200M hard drive is used as the boot drive, and the "HiID"
- flag is set to "On" in this drive's Rigid Disk Block. (The HiID flag may be
- called by another name, like LastDrive or HighDrive.) For examples 2 and 3,
- the 540M drive is used as the boot drive, and the HiID flag is set in that
- drive's RDB.
-
- Example 1: 2091 controller, internal 200M SCSI-1 hard drive. Cable
- connections are 50-conductor ribbon.
- ________________ ________________
- | 2091 | | 200M SCSI-1 |
- | Terminated |------| Terminated |
- | Address 7 | | Address 0 |
- |________________| |________________|
-
-
- Example 2: 2091 controller, internal 200M SCSI-1 hard drive, internal 540M
- Fast SCSI-2 hard drive. Cable connections are 50-conductor
- ribbon. The SCSI-1 drive has been renumbered as address 1, and
- the new Fast SCSI-2 drive is now set at address 0 and used as a
- boot drive, to provide better performance on the system
- partitions. (Even though it will only be accessed at SCSI-1
- rates, it is a newer drive, and will probably have significantly
- better transfer rates than the older 200M drive.)
- ________________ ________________ ________________
- | 2091 | | 200M SCSI-1 | |540M Fast SCSI-2|
- | Terminated |------| Not Terminated |------| Terminated |
- | Address 7 | | Address 1 | | Address 0 |
- |________________| |________________| |________________|
-
-
- Example 3: 2091 controller, internal 200M SCSI-1 hard drive, internal 540M
- Fast SCSI-2 hard drive, external SCSI-2 CD-ROM drive. The cable
- from the CD-ROM drive to the A2091 is a Centronics 50-pin to
- DB25 adapter cable, and the internal cables are 50-conductor
- ribbon. An active terminator is attached to the last available
- external SCSI connector on the CD-ROM drive. Note that the
- terminating resistors on the A2091 have been removed so that the
- SCSI bus is terminated only at the ends (the CD-ROM and the 540M
- drive).
- ________________
- | CD-ROM SCSI-2 |
- | Terminated |---. External cable connected to A2091
- | Address 4 | | external SCSI DB25 connector
- |________________| |
- External |
- |
- ____________|___ ________________ _______________
- | 2091 | | 200M SCSI-1 | |540 Fast SCSI-2|
- | Not Terminated |------| Not Terminated |------| Terminated |
- | Address 7 | | Address 1 | | Address 0 |
- |________________| |________________| |_______________|
- --
- .----------------------------------------------------------------.
- | Warren R. Block * New EMail Address: wblock@rapidnet.com |
- | Rapid City SD USA * Brought to you in majestic INEMASCOP! |
- `----------------------------------------------------------------'
-